Downloads
Abstract
The research develops and evaluates a 12-lead Electrocardiograph (ECG) calibrator using ESP32 microcontroller technology to enhance calibration precision in clinical environments. Healthcare facilities need accurate ECG signal recording through portable calibration devices that maintain ≤ 5% error tolerance. Previous calibrator designs lack unified integration of complete 12-lead functionality, extensive BPM ranges, and variable amplitude control within single portable units. The methodology incorporates hardware-software development, voltage measurements across three assessment points (charger module, ESP32 output, Nextion LCD), BPM validation at four operational settings, and waveform analysis (normal, square) with amplitude evaluation across multiple sensitivities. Experimental results demonstrate an average total error of 1.2% for BPM and amplitude measurements, maintaining voltage stability within ± 5% tolerance limits. Performance analysis validates device reliability for ECG calibration applications, showing optimal performance with square waveform configurations. The ESP32-based calibrator proves technically viable and clinically safe, providing cost-effective, high-precision alternatives to existing solutions. Future development opportunities include triangular waveform integration, Wi-Fi connectivity for remote operation, and rapid calibration initiation features.
Keywords
ECG Calibrator ; ESP32 ; Measurement Accuracy ; BPM ; Signal Amplitude
Article Information
This article has been peer-reviewed and published in the International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS). The content is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
-
Issue: Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025)
-
Section: Articles
-
Published: %750 %e, %2025
-
License: CC BY 4.0
-
Copyright: © 2025 Authors
-
DOI: 10.35870/ijsecs.v5i2.4726
AI Research Hub
This article is indexed and available through various AI-powered research tools and citation platforms. Our AI Research Hub ensures that scholarly work is discoverable, accessible, and easily integrated into the global research ecosystem. By leveraging artificial intelligence for indexing, recommendation, and citation analysis, we enhance the visibility and impact of published research.
Mahmud Ma'rufi
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Semarang, Semarang City, Central Java Province, Indonesia
Imam Tri Harsoyo
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Semarang, Semarang City, Central Java Province, Indonesia
Florentinus Budi Setiawan
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Semarang, Semarang City, Central Java Province, Indonesia
-
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2006). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). EGC.
-
Busono, P., Susanto, E., & Wiewie, Y. S. (2004). Algoritma untuk deteksi QRS sinyal ECG. Prosiding Semiloka Teknologi Simulasi dan Komputasi Serta Aplikasi, 101-106.
-
Kligfield, P., Gettes, L. S., Bailey, J. J., Childers, R., Deal, B. J., Hancock, E. W., van Herpen, G., Kors, J. A., Macfarlane, P., Mirvis, D. M., Pahlm, O., Rautaharju, P., Wagner, G. S., Josephson, M., Mason, J. W., Okin, P., Surawicz, B., & Wellens, H. (2007). Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: Part I: The electrocardiogram and its technology a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49(10), 1109-1127.
-
Gulo, M. M., & Yulizham, Y. (2020). Analisa kalibrasi alat electrocardiograph menggunakan electrocardiograph simulator (phantom ECG). Jurnal Mutiara Elektromedik, 4(1), 7-12.
-
Setianingsih, E., Repelianto, A. S., & Fitriawan, H. (2012). Rancang bangun kalibrator eksternal elektrokardiograf 3 leads berbasis ATMega8535. Electrician: Jurnal Rekayasa Dan Teknologi Elektro, 6(2), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.23960/elc.v6n2.96
-
Olivia, W., & Ahmad, A. (2017). Rancang bangun kalibrator elektrokardiogram. Sinusoida, 19(1).
-
Saputro, A. T. (2017). Design and construction of 12 lead ECG simulator [Unpublished manuscript]. Semarang.
-
Nesfiari, M. A. (2021). Design and construction of an ECG calibrator tool [Unpublished manuscript]. Semarang.
-
Kusumah, H., & Pradana, R. A. (2019). Application of ESP32-based microcontroller and Internet of Things interfacing trainer in interfacing course. J. Stories, 5(2), 120-134.
-
Putranto, A. B., Muhlisin, Z., Lutfiah, A., Mangkusasmito, F., & Hersaputri, M. (2021). Perancangan alat karakterisasi dioda dengan ESP32 dan rangkaian op-amp LM358 berbasis Android. Ultima Computing: Jurnal Sistem Komputer, 13(1), 22-29.
-
Harahap, A. N. (2013). Sistem pengukuran detak jantung manusia menggunakan media online dengan jaringan Wi-Fi berbasis PC. Saintia Fisika, 4(1), 221355.
-
Mawaddah, L. (2020). Rancang bangun automatic human blood type detector menggunakan sensor cahaya BH1750 berdasarkan sifat optik dengan metode ABO [Bachelor's thesis, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta].
-
Nurhidayat, S. (2016). Asuhan keperawatan pada pasien hipertensi dengan pendekatan riset. UNMUH Ponorogo Press. http://eprints.umpo.ac.id/2194/
-
Pamuji, M. S., Kurniawan, E., & Rodiana, I. M. (2022). Rancang bangun catu daya system water ionizer menggunakan modul sel surya dengan penyimpanan pada baterai Li-Ion 18650 untuk produksi disinfektan. eProceedings of Engineering, 9(5).
-
Saguni, A. (2020). Metode kerja pengujian dan kalibrasi alat kesehatan (2nd ed.). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
-
Sigit, S. (2018). Uji kelaikan patient monitor melalui pengujian dan kalibrasi [Unpublished manuscript]. Universitas Semarang.
-
Tomašić, I., & Trobec, R. (2013). Electrocardiographic systems with reduced numbers of leads—synthesis of the 12-lead ECG. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 7, 126-142. https://doi.org/10.1109/RBME.2013.2264282
-
Jevon, P. (2010). Procedure for recording a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. British Journal of Nursing, 19(10), 649-651. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2010.19.10.48204
-
Hadzievski, L., Bojovic, B., Vukčević, V., Belicev, P., Pavlovic, S., Vasiljevic-Pokrajčić, Z., & Ostojic, M. (2004). A novel mobile transtelephonic system with synthesized 12-lead ECG. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 8(4), 428-438. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITB.2004.837869
-
Garcia, T. B., & Holtz, N. E. (2001). 12 lead ECG: The art of interpretation. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
-
Saghir, N., Aggarwal, A., Soneji, N., Valencia, V., Rodgers, G., & Kurian, T. (2020). A comparison of manual electrocardiographic interval and waveform analysis in lead 1 of 12-lead ECG and Apple Watch ECG: A validation study. Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal, 1(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvdhj.2020.07.002.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Copyright Retention and Open Access License
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal non-exclusive right of first publication under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
This license allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2. Rights Granted Under CC BY 4.0
Under this license, readers are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use
- No additional restrictions — the licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as license terms are followed
3. Attribution Requirements
All uses must include:
- Proper citation of the original work
- Link to the Creative Commons license
- Indication if changes were made to the original work
- No suggestion that the licensor endorses the user or their use
4. Additional Distribution Rights
Authors may:
- Deposit the published version in institutional repositories
- Share through academic social networks
- Include in books, monographs, or other publications
- Post on personal or institutional websites
Requirement: All additional distributions must maintain the CC BY 4.0 license and proper attribution.
5. Self-Archiving and Pre-Print Sharing
Authors are encouraged to:
- Share pre-prints and post-prints online
- Deposit in subject-specific repositories (e.g., arXiv, bioRxiv)
- Engage in scholarly communication throughout the publication process
6. Open Access Commitment
This journal provides immediate open access to all content, supporting the global exchange of knowledge without financial, legal, or technical barriers.